1 Arpad Bogsch, “The First Twenty-Five Years of the World Intellectual Property Organization from 1967 to 1992.” International Bureau of Intellectual Property: Geneva 1992. WIPO Publication No. 881 (E), p. 71-72.
2 For an important new work on WIPO see: Christopher May, The World Intellectual Property Organization: Resurgence and the Development Agenda, Routledge, 2007.
3 Pierre Braillard, “The Blue Tower of WIPO on the Place des Nations in Geneva,” in Arpad Bogsch, “The First Twenty-Five Years of the World Intellectual Property Organization from 1967 to 1992.” International Bureau of Intellectual Property: Geneva 1992. WIPO Publication No. 881 (E), p. 94.
4 Braillard, p. 96-97.
5 It must be mentioned that the end of WIPO does not necessarily mean the end of the treaties currently administered by WIPO, especially the Berne and Paris Unions which pre-date WIPO. In fact, the end of WIPO would not even mean the end of an international agency to oversee implementation of intellectual property agreements since the BIRPI, which became WIPO, existed prior to WIPO's inception and that UNESCO administers the Universal Copyright Convention. UNESCO, Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris on 24 July 1971, at http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/copyright/html_eng/page1.shtml (updated 20/06/2001).
6 Nicholas Rescher, Imagining Irreality: A Study of Unreal Possibilities, Chicago: Open Court, 2003; Jiri Benovsky, Persistence Through Time, and Across Possible Worlds. Picataway, NJ: Transaction Books, 2006; John Divers, Possible Worlds. London: Routledge, 2002.
7 David R. Mandel, Denis J. Hilton, and Patrizia Catellani, (Eds.) The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. London: New York, 2005.
8 Basil Edward Crackwell, Evaluating Development Aid: Issues, Problems and Solutions, New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2000; Philip E. Tetlock and Erika Henik, “Theory-versus imagination-driven thinking about historical counterfactuals: Are we prisoners of our preconceptions?” in David R. Mandel, Denis J. Hilton, and Patrizia Catellani, (Eds.) The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. London: New York, 2005, p. 199-216.
9 Barbara A. Spellman, Alexandra P. Kincannon, and Stephen J. Stose, “The Relation Between Counterfactual and Causal Reasoning,” in in David R. Mandel, Denis J. Hilton, and Patrizia Catellani, (Eds.) The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. London: New York, 2005, p. 28.
10 Keith D. Markman and Matthew N. McMullen, “Reflective and Evaluative modes of Mental Simulation,” in David R. Mandel, Denis J. Hilton, and Patrizia Catellani, (Eds.) The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. London: New York, 2005, p. 77. According to the psychological literature, generally speaking, more learning results from upward counterfactuals, or how the world might become better, than from downward counterfactuals. See: Susana Segura and Michael W. Morris, “Scenario Simulations in Learning: Forms and Functions at the Individual and Organizational Levels,” in David R. Mandel, Denis J. Hilton, and Patrizia Catellani, (Eds.) The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. London: New York, 2005, p. 94-109.
11 Philip E. Tetlock and Aaron Belkin, “Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics: Logical, Methodological, and Psychological Perspectives,” in Philip E. Tetlock and Aaron Belkin (eds). Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics: Logical, Methodological, and Psychological Perspectives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996, p. 4.
12 Crackwell, p. 128.
13 Id.
14 One strategy designed to negate the influence of pollutants is to develop a counterfactual approach that focuses on 'additionality,' “that is, what can safely be attributed to the project and not to other influences.” Id. at 129.
15 Tetlock and Henik, p. 199.
16 Id at 211.
17 Id at 213.
18 Tetlock and Belkin, p. 15.
19 The activities of WIPO are briefly outlined in their annual reports which can be found at http://www.wipo.int/ (site visited February 8, 2007).
20 World Intellectual Property Organization, What is WIPO, at http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/what_is_wipo.html (visited February 8, 2007).
21 World Intellectual Property Organization, Proposed Program and Budget for 2006/07 Presented by the Director General, at http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/govbody/en/wo_pbc_8/wo_pbc_8_3_pub.pdf (visited February 8, 2007).
22 World Intellectual Property Organization, What is Intellectual Property? Geneva: WIPO publication No. 450(E), p. 3
23 Bernard Lanne, “Chad: Regime Change, Increased Insecurity, and Blockage of Further Reforms,” in John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, eds. Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Boulder: Westview Press, 1997, p. 268.
24 Mario J. Azevedo and Emmanuel U. Nnadozie, Chad: A Nation in Search of its Future, Boulder: Westview Press, 1998, p. 17.
25 Ibid, p. 17.
26 Ibid., p. 20.
27 Ibid., p. 65.
28 Mario J. Azevedo, Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad, Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1998, p. 67; Terry M. Mays, Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981-1982, Westport: Praeger, 2002, p. 19.
29 Ibid, p. 74.
30 Ibid, p. 74.
31 Ibid, p. 74.
32 Ibid., p. 89- 90.
33 Ibid, p. 178.
34 Guy Benveniste and William E. Moran, Jr. Handbook of African Economic Development, New York: Praeger, 1962, p. 6.
35 Bernard Lanne, “Chad: Regime Change, Increased Insecurity, and Blockage of Further Reforms,” in John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, eds. Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Boulder: Westview Press, 1997, p. 269.
36 J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins, Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan 1963-1993, Boulder: Westview Press, 1999, p. 26.
37 Ibid, p. 26.
38 Ibid, p. 26.
39 International Monetary Fund, Surveys of African Economies: Volume I: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), and Gabon, IMF: Washington DC, 1968, p. 4.
40 Lanne, p. 270.
41 Ibid., p. 270.
42 Robert Buijtenhuijs, “French Military Interventions: The Case of Chad,” in Anthony Kirk-Greene and Daniel Bach, Eds. States and Society in Francophone Africa Since Independence, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, p. 215-217.
43 Hans Eriksson and Björn Hagströmer, Chad - Towards Democratisation or Petro-Dictatorship? Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, 2005, Discussion Paper 29, p. 37.
44 Ibid., p. 217. See also Burr and Colins, arguing that President de Gaulle had a fondness for Chad and a desire to see Francophone Africa remain intact (p. 46-50).
45 Ibid., p. 217.
46 IMF, p. 176.
47 Burr and Collins, p. 29-30.
48 For a full account of Chad's membership see: Chad: Intellectual Property Profile, http://www.wipo.int/ldcs/en/country/pdf/td.pdf Site accessed August 3, 2006.
49 For the full text of the Bangui Agreement, updated in 1999, see: African Intellectual Property Organization, http://www.oapi.wipo.net/doc/en/bangui_agreement.pdf. Site visited August 3, 2006.
50 Africa Intellectual Property Organization, “History of the OAPI,” http://www.oapi.wipo.net/en/OAPI/historique.htm. Site visited August 3, 2006.
51 Ibid.
52 I have sent letters to the Ambassador from Chad to the United States, to the Chad government, and to a “virtual Chad” website asking for information on the reasons for Chad joining WIPO. To date, I have received no responses.
53 The World Bank Group, World Data Online. http://devdata.worldbank.org/dataonline/ Search done August 2, 2006.
54 Hans Eriksson and Björn Hagströmer, Chad - Towards Democratisation or Petro-Dictatorship? Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, 2005, Discussion Paper 29.
55 Robert Verzola discusses this trend in his important work. See: Robert Verzola, Towards a Political Economy of Information: Studies on the Information Economy, Quezon City, Philippines: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 2004, p. 25-28.
56 The World Bank Group, World Data Online. http://devdata.worldbank.org/dataonline/ Search done August 2, 2006.
57 Linux Users in Chad (TD). Available at: http://i18n.counter.li.org/reports/place.php?place=TD. Last visited 1/11/2007. According to this cite Mali has 20 registered users. See: http://i18n.counter.li.org/reports/place.php?place=ML.
58 Caterina Batello, Marzio Marzot, Adamou Harouna Touré, The Future is an Ancient Lake: Traditional Knowledge, Biodiversity and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in Lake Chad Basin Ecosystems, FAO, 2004.
59 WIPO, News and Events, http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/archive_meetings.jsp?meeting_country=166 (last visited February 8, 2007).
60 David Robinson, “Overview of the Cultural and Historical Contributions,” in R. James Bingen, David Robinson, and John M. Staatz (eds), Democracy and Development in Mali, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, p. 9.
61 Ibid, p. 15.
62 Andrew F. Clark, “From Military Dictatorship to Democracy: The Democratization Process in Mali,” in R. James Bingen, David Robinson, and John M. Staatz (eds), Democracy and Development in Mali, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, p. 255.
63 Id, p. 255.
64 Ghislaine Lyndon, “Women in Francophone West Africa in the 1930s: Unraveling a Neglected Report,” in Democracy and Development in Mali, R. James Bigen, David Robinson, and John M. Staatz (eds), East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2000. p. 70.
65 Id. See also, Monica M. Van Beusekom, Negotiating Development: African Farmers and Colonial Experts at the Office du Niger, 1920-1960, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2002.
66 Josué Dioné, “Food Security Policy Reform in Mali and the Sahel,”in R. James Bingen, David Robinson, and John M. Staatz (eds), Democracy and Development in Mali, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, p. 122.
67 Dioné, p. 122.
68 R. James Bingen, “Overview - The Malian Path to Democracy and Development,” in R. James Bingen, David Robinson, and John M. Staatz (eds), Democracy and Development in Mali, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, p. 245.
69 James Tefft, “Cotton in Mali: The “White Revolution” and Development,” in R. James Bingen, David Robinson, and John M. Staatz (eds), Democracy and Development in Mali, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, p. 215.
70 Salifou Bakary Diarra, John M. Staatz, and Niama Nango Dembélé, “The Reform of Rice Milling and Marketing in the Office du Niger: Catalysts for an Agricultural Success Story in Mali,” in R. James Bingen, David Robinson, and John M. Staatz (eds), Democracy and Development in Mali, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, p. 170.
71 Dioné, p. 119.
72 Andrew F. Clark, “From Military Dictatorship to Democracy: The Democratization Process in Mali,” in R. James Bingen, David Robinson, and John M. Staatz (eds), Democracy and Development in Mali, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, , p. 255-256.
73 Bingen, p. 246.
74 Dioné, p. 131-32.
75 Clark, p. 258.
76 Clark, p. 257
77 Ibid, p. 255
78 The World Statesman, “International Organizations,” World Intellectual Property Organization, Available at: http://www.worldstatesmen.org/International_Organizations2.html#WIPO.
79 Jacques Secrétan, Fourth William Henry Ballantyne Lecture, “The Work of the Berne Bureaux in the International Field at the Present Time,” Lecture delivered to the British Group of the Association at the Old Hall, March 12, 1957. WIPO Library, p. 10.
80 Ibid, p. 18.
81 WIPO, “Records of the Intellectual property Conference of Stockholm, June 11 to July 14, 1967.” Geneva 1971. (minutes for the meeting to create WIPO), p. 1088.
82 Id, p. 12-13.
83 Jacques Secrétan at 10.
84 UNESCO clearly stated that they would not withdraw their own right to define copyright issues given that the mission of their organization was wrapped up with the protection of copyright. WIPO, “Records of the Intellectual property Conference of Stockholm, June 11 to July 14, 1967.” Geneva 1971. (minutes for the meeting to create WIPO), p. 1224 Report on the Work of Main Committee V (World Intellectual Property Organization) by Joseph Voyame, Rapporteur.
85 WIPO, “Report of the World Intellectual Property Organization to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations at its Fifty-Ninth Session.” Analytical Summary for the year 1974, Geneva, April 30, 1975, p. 13.
